doi: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2010.00815.x. Ciencia y Mar. The author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. 52, 419–428. 26 Maciel-Baltazar, E. (2015). This species has caused more human illnesses and fatalities than any other toxic dinoflagellate in Mexico. (2018). 19, 113–121. While not particularly dangerous out in the open ocean, the toxin is sequestered in molluscian shellfish and is dangerous to mollusk consumers. doi: 10.3354/meps10047. is known to be toxic and has been responsible for outbreaks of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) in the Indo-Pacific (Steidinger et al. However, comparative research is needed on both coasts of Mexico to define precisely the hydrologic and climatic variables that are triggering P. bahamense blooms. Because toxic Pyrodinium blooms can contaminate fish and shellfish and threaten public health, the FWC leads routine monitoring programs for P. bahamense in Tampa Bay and the Indian River Lagoon, the systems in which annual blooms occur. Usup, G., Ahmad, A., Matsuoka, K., Lim, T., and Leaw, C. P. (2012). Usup, G. / Kulis, D. / Anderson, D. M. | 1995. print version. Biol. This gulf has an average and a maximum water depth of ∼250 m and ∼1,000 m, respectively (Vásquez-Bedoya et al., 2008). Riqueza fitoplanctónica de la bahía de Acapulco y zona costera aledaña, Guerrero, México. 62, 626–630. 52 Pyrodinium bahamense Plate 1906 is a tropical to subtropical dinoflagellate that can 53 cause paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP). (1993). Méx. A., Pérez-Cruz, B., Alarcón-Romero, M. A., Chávez-Almazán, L. A., García-Barbosa, J. L., et al. Res. Publica. 57, 1–133. Martínez-Hernández, E., and Hernández-Campos, H. (1991). (2012); Merino-Virgilio et al. Mar. “Impactos de los FAN en la salud pública y animal (silvestres y de cultivo) en el Golfo de California,” in Florecimientos Algales Nocivos en México, eds E. García-Mendoza, S. I. Quijano-Scheggia, A. Olivos-Ortiz, and E. J. Núñez-Vázquez (Ensenada: CICESE), 196–212. Pyrodinium bahamense var. Here, we tested 48 cultivable pelagic bacteria from three HAB-affected areas in the Philippines (Bolinao, Sorsogon, and Matarinao) against non-axenic cultures of the toxic, thecate dinoflagellate Pyrodinium bahamense. Scale bars = 20 μm. Investigación y Ciencia de la Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes 68, 91–96. Mex. The author participated in all the activities of research: data collection, analyses, interpretation of the results, and manuscript writing. Mar. doi: 10.1016/0141-1136(86)90040-1. bahamense. Matsuoka, K., and Fukuyo, Y. Pyrodinium bahamense has caused the highest number of intoxications (819 cases), followed by Alexandrium spp. Harmful Algae 7, 664–670. Epidemiological numbers of outbreaks of food poisoning related to P. bahamense, reveal that this dinoflagellate is the major source of PSP in Mexico. (2011, 2013); Meave-del Castillo et al. Cienc. (1992). Mareas rojas en México: una revisión. compressa. The dinoflagellate producing the light show, Pyrodinium bahamense, happens to be one that doi: 10.1016/j.csr.2011.02.007, Keywords: Pyrodinium bahamense, Mexico, harmful blooms, saxitoxins, PSP, Citation: Morquecho L (2019) Pyrodinium bahamense One the Most Significant Harmful Dinoflagellate in Mexico. A. However, based on morphologic and phylogenetic analysis of specimens (motile and cyst stages) from 13 coastal areas of various tropical and subtropical waters, Mertens et al. 470, 207–233. Bot. It is known now that P. bahamense is a major cause of seafood toxicity and cause of paralytic shellfish poisoning, especially … Mar. Cienc. Permanent records of hydrological variables, climate signals, harmful species abundance, seasonal variation, impacts in human and environmental health, as well as economic activities are essential to implement early warnings and minimize impacts. The optimal salinity is considered to be around 35 psu and the optimum temperature is 28 °C (82 °F). Méx. A. Globally P. bahamense is mainly distributed in tropical areas of both hemispheres. doi: 10.21149/spm.v57i4.7578, Antoine, D., André, J. M., and Morel, A. This species has caused more human illnesses and fatalities than any other toxic dinoflagellate in Mexico. 525 Depuration of paralytic shellfish toxins by giant scallops from the bay of Fundy, Canada. doi: 10.1515/bot-2013-0121. Mar. Hidrobiológica 18, 15–23. Pyrodinium bahamense has caused more human illnesses and fatalities than any other PST producing dinoflagellate in Mexico (Table 1). Sci. Saldate-Castañeda, O., Vázquez-Castellanos, J. L., Galván, J., Sánchez-Anguiano, A., and Nazar, A. compressum and Pyrodinium bahamanse var. All three sterols are found in closely related, armored taxa. From 1989 to 2007 shellfish toxicity reached concentrations above the permissible limits for human consumption (800 μg STX eq kg-1), and consequently caused 200 human cases, with 15 fatalities (Hernández-Becerril et al., 2007). By comparison, Gymnodinium catenatum is another toxic species linked with PSP deaths in Mexico, from 1989 to 2015 has caused, in some localities of the Gulf of California, 37 human PSP cases and three fatalities (Mee et al., 1986; Cortés-Altamirano and Núñez-Pasten, 1992; Núñez-Vázquez et al., 2016). Toxicity and paralytic toxin profile in Pyrodinium bahamense var. 45, 17–34. the Receptor Binding Assay, was used for studying the uptake of Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins in the green bay mussel Perna viridis highly consumed in the Philippines. (350 cases), and G. catenatum (241 cases). bahamense? 6, ed. Sci. Blooms occurred typically during summer rainy season (June through September), inside of restricted shallow lagoons surrounded by mangrove forests. In 1980, the species taxonomic status was raised to variety, based on morphological variations in the motile stage, the capability of PSP toxin production, and the geographic distribution (Steidinger et al., 1980). Pyrodinium bahamense HABs also have been linked to endangered marine fauna (sea turtles and cetaceans) with ecologic importance, leading in some cases to mass mortalities (Table 1), and the establishment of precautionary closures (COFEPRIS, 2018). Pollut. Poot-Delgado, C. A., Rosado-García, P. I., and Guzmán-Noz, Y. 69, 121–123. (2013). Interactions or environmental factors that may promote these co-occurrence has not yet been clarified. High‐biomass blooms of the toxic dinoflagellate Pyrodinium bahamense occur most summers in Tampa Bay, Florida, USA, posing a recurring threat to ecosystem health. Pyrodinium bahamense is characterized by a high bioluminescence (Seliger et al., 1971), a heterothallic sexual cycle (Wall and Dale, 1969), and a simple toxins profile (dc-STX, STX, neoSTX, B1 and B2) (Usup et al., 2012). In this mini-review, the most significant information about Pyrodinium bahamense in Mexico since 1942 to date is summarized and analyzed. Quantitative determination of paralytic shellfish using prechromatographic oxidation and liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection: collaboratory study. The data obtained so far on P. bahamense spatial and population variability in Mexican Pacific and the Gulf of Mexico, suggest a seasonal and latitudinal pattern. Prog. The local winds “tehuanos”, and currents systems can move the dinoflagellate towards Mexico along the Central Pacific Coast through the Costa Rica Current Flow and Mexican Western Current (Vargas-Montero et al., 2008). Pyrodinium bahamense var. Also, in these regions, the abundance, seasonality, and species distribution tend to decrease from tropical to subtropical areas. (E) Empty cyst showing chorate processes. 621, 548–557. Box 60, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA, Telephone number: +1‐615‐898‐5205; FAX number: +1‐615‐898‐5093; e‐mail: leblond.jeff@gmail.com. “An overview of Pyrodinium red tides in the western Pacific,” in Biology, Epidemiology and Management of Pyrodinium Red Tides, eds G. M. Hallegraeff and J. L. Maclean (Manila: International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management), 1–8. (2006); Martínez-López et al. Inst. Mar. Vargas-Montero, M., Freer-Bustamante, E., Guzmán, J. C., and Vargas, J. C. (2008). Pyrodinium bahamense var. Harmful Algae 41, 1–24. Fu, F. X., Tatters, A. O., and Hutchins, D. A. 322, 99–115. Cont. doi: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.1969.tb02595.x, Walsh, J. J., Tomas, C. R., Steidinger, K. A., Lenes, J. M., Chen, F. R., Weisberg, R. H., et al. Sci. (2000). The marine dinoflagellate Protoceratium reticulatum has been recently identified as a source for the disulfated polyether toxin, yessotoxin (YTX), and may pose a risk to human health, aquaculture development and coastal environments. Hazard Subst. 16, 608–622. Phytoplankton samples are collected weekly and abundances ≥5 × 103 cells L-1 of P. bahamense are considered a potential indicator of toxins accumulation in shellfish1. Univ. Factors associated with moderate blooms of Pyrodinium bahamense in shallow and restricted subtropical lagoons in the Gulf of California. It produces a bioluminescence as bright as the one in Vieques island . Cuellar-Martínez, T., Alonso-Rodríguez, R., Ruiz-Fernández, A. C., de Vernal, A., Morquecho, L., Limoges, A., et al. In Mexican coasts, P. bahamense has co-occurred with the diatom Pseudo-nitzschia spp. Gárate-Lizárraga, I., Pérez-Cruz, B., Díaz-Ortiz, J. (2002). 25, 1375–1393. Microbiol. (2010). A., Alarcón-Tacuba, M. A., Alarcón-Romero, M. A., Chávez-Almazán, L. A., et al. Distribución Temporal y Germinación de Quistes de Pyrodinium bahamense Plate, 1906 en Sedimentos Recientes de dos Lagunas Costeras del Golfo de California, México. doi: 10.1016/j.hal.2008.08.006, Hernández-Becerril, D. U., Alonso-Rodríguez, R., Álvarez-Góngora, C., Barón-Campis, S. A., Ceballos-Corona, G., Herrera-Silveira, J., et al. This work was supported by the CIBNOR project 20014 (Colección de Dinoflagelados Marinos). Skin mucus of IRL southern puffer fish captive for 1-year was highly toxic compared to Florida Gulf coast puffer fish. Res. From 1989 to 2007 shellfish toxicity reached concentrations above the permissible limits for human consumption (800 μg STX eq kg-1), and consequently caused 200 human cases, with 15 fatalities (Hern… Florecimientos algales nocivos producidos por Pyrodinium bahamense en Oaxaca, México (2009–2010). Paleontol. Other clearly distinct dinoflagellates have also been recognised as sources of the STXs. Although it was widely believed that the compressum variety is toxic and found in the Pacific while the bahamense variety is nontoxic and found in the Atlantic, a 1972 toxic algal bloom of Pyrodinium bahamense in Papua New Guinea showed that P. bahamense could also be toxic. Imprudent fishing harvests and consequent trophic cascades on the West Florida shelf over the last half century: a harbinger of increased human deaths from paralytic shellfish poisoning along the southeastern United States, in response to oligotrophication? Análisis retrospectivo y posibles causas de las mareas rojas tóxicas en el litoral del sureste mexicano (Guerrero, Oaxaca, Chiapas). For example, the dinoflagellate may develop persistent moderate and massive toxic blooms in Guerrero, Oaxaca, and Chiapas coastal margin (Figure 1), which is characterized by a large-scale hydrological and atmospheric influence (Table 1); while in the southern Gulf of California, moderate blooms are restricted to coastal lagoons inhabited by mangroves, and develop only during the summer and the short-term rainy period. At that time, it was believed that the species had a distribution restricted to the Bahamas; however, at present, the vegetative stage (Figures 1B,C) is distributed in almost all coastal margin of Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of California, and Mexican Pacific (Figure 1A). Gárate-Lizárraga, I., Pérez-Cruz, B., Díaz-Ortíz, J. Toxin production of a Malaysian isolate of the toxic red tide dinoflagellate Pyrodinium bahamense var. Ph.D, thesis, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México-Posgrado en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Ciudad de México. Osorio-Tafall, B. F. (1942). The full text of this article hosted at iucr.org is unavailable due to technical difficulties. UNAM 20, 43–54. Global Biogeochem. Quantitative Determination of Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Toxins in Shellfish Using Prechromatographic Oxidation and Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detection. Gárate-Lizárraga, I., and González-Armas, R. (2011). Cuadernos de Investigación UNED 7, 39–48. Mex. Micropaleontological Preparation Techniques and Analyses. Fire said researchers have only known about Pyrodinium bahamense's toxicity in the IRL since the early 2000s. Pyrodinium was first discovered in 1906 in the waters around New Providence Island in the Bahamas. Mar. View all Autón. To date, it has been demonstrated that cysts have a broader distribution in southern Gulf of California, primarily in restricted coastal lagoons, where it is the dominant morphotype (33–86%) (Morquecho et al., 2012; Cuellar-Martínez, 2018; Cuellar-Martínez et al., 2018). But in 2003, this unique habitat was adversely impacted by the local practice of swimming in the area. Is the bioluminescence a bad sign for the health of the lagoon? Palaeobot. An. (2012). (2012). A. compressum is a highly toxic species; it produces strong paralytic shellfish poisons (mainly saxitoxin and gonyautoxin 5). Red tide ocurrences recorded in Mexico from 1980 to 1992. The species naturally produces the toxin, but as the lagoon gains excess nutrients via runoff from land, the algae have the potential to bloom more often and severely, leading to more saxitoxins being introduced into the food web. Pyrodinium bahamense is a dinoflagellate of concern in subtropical and tropical coastal environments. (Morquecho, 2008), and other dinoflagellates such as Ceratium furca, C. dens, Dinophysis caudata, G. catenatum, Margalefidinium polykrikoides, Polykrikos sp., Prorocentrum lima, P. gracile, Protoperidinium oceanicum and P. pellucidum (Terán-Suárez et al., 2006; Gárate-Lizárraga et al., 2011; Meave-del Castillo et al., 2012). (2014) analyzed nine strains through fluorescence high-performance liquid chromatography, and only one exhibited toxicity with high saxitoxin concentration (95 pg STX eq cell-1). Auton. A view at the end of the millennium. Taxonomic re-examination of the toxic armored dinoflagellate Pyrodinium bahamense Plate 1906: can morphology or LSU sequencing separate P. bahamense var. Enter your email address below and we will send you your username, If the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to retrieve your username, orcid.org/http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8705-2270, I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of Use. During boreal winter (December through April), a strong but intermittent wind blows across central America from the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean driving upwelling events (Antoine et al., 1996; Pennington et al., 2006). Envenenamiento paralítico por mariscos (PSP), causado por el dinoflagelado Pyrodinium bahamense var. doi: 10.21829/abm100.2012.41, Mee, L. D., Espinosa, M., and Díaz, G. (1986). 33, 240–247. Observations on Pyrodinium bahamense Plate, a toxic dinoflagellate, in Papua New Guinea J. L. Maclean Department of Agriculture, Stock and Fisheries, Fisheries Research Station, Kanudi, Papua New Guinea Abstract Pyrodinium bahamense, a dinoflagellate causing paralytic shellfish poisoning, is widely A. The entity most affected was Oaxaca, followed by Guerrero and Chiapas (COFEPRIS, 2018). Monitoring for food safety on the coasts of Mexico, with particular emphasis on aquaculture areas or the exploitation of marine products, requires essential adjustments to validate and strengthen the management and decision-making database. Ser. CICIMAR Océanides 28, 37–42. del Mar y Limnol. If you do not receive an email within 10 minutes, your email address may not be registered, McClain, C. R., Christian, J. R., Signorini, S. R., Lewis, M. R., Asanuma, I., Turk, D., et al. Total Environ. This document lists algae , algal toxins, and other pathogens in the One Health Harmful Algal Bloom Tokyo: WESTPAC-HAB/WESTPAC/ IOC. A. Benítez, and G. Gold-Bouchot (Mérida: UAC), 117–132. (2016). These poisons contaminate shellfish and small fish species which, when consumed, result in paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP). doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.01.009. Latinoam. It is worth noting that although Mertens et al. Univ. Most cells have a well-developed left antapical spine and a smaller right spine that is an extension of the sulcal list (Figure 1A). Gaithersburg, MD: AOAC International. Hallegraeff, G. M. (2010). nov. from Pacific red tides. Copyright © 2019 Morquecho. Distribución de quistes de dinoflagelados y acritarcas en sedimentos holocénicos del Golfo de California. doi: 10.1080/10934520701480219. Are Pyrodinium blooms in the Southeast Asian region recurring and spreading? Pyrodinium bahamense produces saxitoxins and can cause paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP). (2004). “Counting slides,” in Phytoplankton Manual Monographs on Oceanographic Methodology, Vol. doi: 10.4319/lo.1971.16.4.0608, Steidinger, K. A., Tester, L. S., and Taylor, F. J. R. (1980). “Using the inverted microscope,” in Phytoplankton Manual Monographs on Oceanographic Methodology, Vol. The data obtained so far on P. bahamense spatial and population variability in Mexican Pacific and the Gulf of Mexico, suggest a seasonal and latitudinal pattern. doi: 10.2216/i0031-8884-19-4-329.1. (2014). 1. 6, ed. Cortés-Altamirano, R., and Núñez-Pasten, A. For sample preservation, both Lugol and neutralized formalin are used (Throndsen, 1978), and in few cases, the combination of these fixatives is considered to preserve samples for long periods. compressum and violet oyster in Bahía de Acapulco. doi: 10.1016/j.pocean.2006.03.012, Phlips, E. J., Badylak, S., Bledsoe, E., and Cichra, M. (2006). doi: 10.7773/cm.v23i3.809. (2012); Morquecho et al. compressum and the non-toxic var. (B) Solitary vegetative cell. Publica. Thank you. (2016). Notas sobre algunos dinoflagelados planctónicos marinos de México con descripción de nuevas especies. Research on ecology, bloom dynamics, toxicology, and genetic characterization is minimal. The “hystrichosphaerid” resting spore of the dinoflagellate Pyrodinium bahamense plate 1906. An. (2007). Global change and the future of harmful algal blooms in the ocean. Number of times cited according to CrossRef: Sterol preservation in hypersaline microbial mats. (1969). Zool. Phycologia 19, 329–337. Learn more. Toxic and harmful marine phytoplankton and microalgae (HABs) in Mexican Coasts. Shelf Res. Eng. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). First record of vegetative cells of Pyrodinium bahamense (Gonyalucales: Goniodomataceae) in the Gulf of California. Oceanogr. Is the light caused by the same creatures that cause toxic algae blooms in the lagoon? Seliger, H. H., Carpenter, J. H., Loftus, M., Biggley, W. H., and McElroy, W. D. (1971). Morphology of Pyrodinium bahamense plate (Dinoflagellata) near Isla San José, Gulf of California, Mexico. doi: 10.1515/bot-2012-0171, Morquecho, L., Alonso-Rodríguez, R., and Martínez-Tecuapacho, G. A. In the southern Gulf of Mexico, P. bahamense appears to have a continuous distribution and occurrence in a wide salinity range (3–38 ups) throughout the year, reaching densities of up to 1.5 × 106 cells L-1 Gómez-Aguirre (1998a). PSP has a 15% mortality rate in the human population it effects. However, a similar co-occurrence between P. bahamense and Pseudo-nitzschia species has also been reported in the Indian River Lagoon, Florida (Phlips et al., 2004). Nac. An association between Pyrodinium bahamense occurrence and mangroveforests has been suggested, although, the presence of mangrove … Mertens, K. N., Wolny, J., Carbonell-Moore, C., Bogus, K., Ellegaard, M., Limoges, A., et al. Mar. (2001, 2005); Licea et al. Puffer fish tissues, clonal cultures, and natural bloom samples of P. bahamense from the IRL tested toxic in the MBA, RBA, MNCA, Ridascreen ELISA, and MIST Alert assay and positive for STX, dc-STX, and B1 toxin by HPLC and LC-MS. Official Method 2005.06. This mini-review ends with a viewpoint of management and research strategies to better understand the factors that play essential roles in the bloom dynamics and toxicity of this species. While saxitoxin production is usually attributed to Pyrodinium itself, there is also evidence that the synthesis of the neurotoxin is accomplished by various genera of endosymbiotic bacteria within Pyrodinium cells … For quantitative analysis, light microscopy is used to estimate the cell density by the Utermöhl (Hasle, 1978) or Sedgewick-Rafter (Guillard, 1978) methods. However, it is highly probable that its distribution is as broad as that of vegetative cells, considering that P. bahamense cysts have been found in the central Gulf of California (Martínez-Hernández and Hernández-Campos, 1991), and in Baja California northern limit (Peña-Manjarrez et al., 2001, 2005) (Figure 1A). Research on P. bahamense cysts is mainly developed with palynological procedures (de Vernal et al., 2010). (2014). García-Mendoza, E., Quijano-Scheggia, S. I., Olivos-Ortiz, A., Núñez-Vázquez, E. J., and Pérez-Morales, A. The gonyaulacoid dinoflagellates of the genus, Alexandrium and Pyrodinium, as well as a single gymnodinoid species, Gymnodinium catenatum, are known to synthesize STX []. Pyrodinium bahamense, is one of the most critical harmful algal bloom (HABs) organisms in South Asian coastal waters (Mertens et al., 2015). Additionally, morphological features and size of cysts agreed with previous descriptions, particularly morphotypes found in the subtropical North Atlantic. doi: 10.1579/0044-7447-30.6.356, PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar, Balech, E. (1985). compressum has been the primary organism responsible for the toxic red tide episodes which have been recurring in Manila Bay, Philippines since 1988. Free-living dinoflagellates in the southern Gulf of Mexico: report of data (1979–2002). Pyrodinium bahamense is a dinoflagellate of concern in subtropical and tropical coastal environments. Licea, S., Zamudio, M. E., Luna, R., and Soto, J. Southeast Mexican Pacific has been the most affected area, particularly the Gulf of Tehuantepec, as well as Guerrero and Michoacán (Figure 1 and Table 1). 55, 611–623. The poisoning was traced to ingestion of the green mussel Perna viridis Linnaeus, gathered from Balete Bay, Mati, Davao Oriental. Ocean climate change, phytoplankton community responses, and harmful algal blooms: a formidable predictive challenge. In southern Mexican Pacific and the Gulf of Tehuantepec, P. bahamense harmful blooms, with cell densities of up to 3 × 106 cells L-1, have occurred from summer to winter (see Table 1) and have been associated with upwelling events (Cortés-Altamirano et al., 1993). (1999). Pyrodinium bahamense. bahamense in coastal waters of Florida. By contrast, due to its similarity with the cysts of other dinoflagellates, the resting stage may be confused with other species. (2015); Maciel-Baltazar (2015); Poot-Delgado (2016); Campos-Campos et al. “Paralytic shellfish poison: biological method,” in Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International, ed. Strickland, J. D. H., and Parsons, T. R. (1972). Ambio 30, 356–364. (2015) revealed within the Pyrodinium clade, both Indo-Pacific and Atlantic-Caribbean ribotypes, suggesting that P. bahamense is a species complex. |, Methodology Used in Mexico to Study and Monitor to, Mexican Strains Toxicity and Cysts Germination Characteristics, Martínez-Hernández and Hernández-Campos (1991), Gárate-Lizárraga and González-Armas (2011), Martínez-Hernández and Hernández-Campos, 1991, https://www.gob.mx/cofepris/acciones-y-programas/marea-roja-76038, https://www.gob.mx/cofepris/documentos/presencia-de-marea-roja-en-costas-nacionales-durante-2003, https://www.geotop.ca/upload/files/laboratoires/laboratoire-de-micropaleontologie-et-palynologie-marine-uqam/Micropal_Methods_2010.pdf, Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY), Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, La Paz, Mexico. Organic-walled dinoflagellate cyst distribution in the Gulf of Mexico. doi: 10.3354/meps322099, Phlips, E. J., Badylak, S., Youn, S., and Kelley, K. (2004). Mex. and you may need to create a new Wiley Online Library account. compressum along the southern coast of the Baja California Peninsula. OHHABS Algae, Algal Toxin, and Other Pathogens Lists . To date, there is only a single published study on its fatty acids, but no published data on its sterol composition. Her response: Hi Jacqui – It’s kind of a good news bad news story. Use the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. These are Pyrodinium bahamense and Gymnodinium catenatum (Mons et al., 1998). (C) Paired vegetative cells. “Florecimientos algales nocivos en las aguas costeras del norte de Yucatán (2001–2013),” in Golfo de México, Contaminación e Impacto Ambiental: Diagnóstico y Tendencias, eds A. V. Botello, J. Rendón von Osten, J. Cortés-Altamirano, R., Hernández-Becerril, D. U., and Luna-Soria, R. (1995). The first report of P. bahamense on Chiapas coast, in southern Mexican Pacific (Figure 1A), came from Osorio-Tafall (1942). Martínez-López, A., Ulloa-Pérez, E., and Escobedo-Urias, D. (2007). Toxin production in a Malaysian isolate of the toxic dinoflagellate Pyrodinium bahamense var. (2016).Florecimientos algales nocivos en las costas de Campeche, Golfo de México. Mar. Ser. Ronsón-Paulin, J. To date, there is only a single published study on its fatty acids, but no published data on its sterol composition. Kuxulkab 23, 29–40. Sterols, which are membrane‐reinforcing lipids in eukaryotes, display a great diversity of structures in dinoflagellates, with some serving as chemotaxonomic markers. Les Cahiers du GEOTOP No 3, 3rd Edn. Despite these findings, a limited distribution of P. bahamense cysts has been reported (Martínez-Hernández and Hernández-Campos, 1991), restricted only to Guaymas basin phosphorite sediments, where it was the dominant morphotype (34%). Pacific Sci. *Correspondence: Lourdes Morquecho, lamorquecho@cibnor.mx, Front. During a red tide episode caused by Pyrodinium bahamense var. A., and Reyes-Salinas, A. Even though, no relationship has been established between blooms and these cycles, the enhanced delivery of nutrients into the coastal waters could be a factor (Usup et al., 2012). 100, 405–487. INTRODUCTION Harmful algae … Cienc. Prog. Basic methodologies such as water samplers (quantitative analysis), plankton nets (20 μm, qualitative analysis), as well as, segmented tubes are applied to obtain marine phytoplankton sample collection at the superficial level or along the water column. Learn about our remote access options, Ecology and Evolution Group, Middle Tennessee State University, P. O. (1993); Gómez-Aguirre (1998a,b); Ronsón-Paulin (1999); Peña-Manjarrez et al. Azanza, R. V., and Taylor, F. J. R. (2001). J. AOAC Int. A., and Martínez-Rodríguez, V. M. (2015). MATERIALS AND METHOD The culture and isolation of Pyrodinium bahamense var. For the northern part of the Gulf of Tehuantepec, the dinoflagellate dominates in the upper productivity zone associated with seasonal upwelling (Vásquez-Bedoya et al., 2008). (2011). Pyrodinium is well known for producing Paralytic Shellfish Toxins, e.g. Cysts germination exhibit thermophilic (20–35°C with the peak between 25 and 30°C) and euryhaline characteristics (salinities from 20 to 35 ups). Dinoflagelados (Dinoflagellata) tóxicos de la costa de Chiapas, México, Pacífico centro oriental. The Gulf of tehuantepec and adjacent areas: spatial and temporal variation of satellite-derived photosynthetic pigments. Mar. An. Pyrodinium bahamense and other toxic dinoflagellates are significantly impacting human and environmental health, as well as having significant impact on economic activities. From tropical to subtropical regions, the abundance, seasonality, and species distribution, tends to decrease. Despite species seasonality that vary with local physiography, hydrography, and climate (Usup et al., 2012), blooms are more predictable at a smaller and local scale (Azanza and Taylor, 2001). Health A Tox. Intoxicaciones por toxina paralizante de molusco en Oaxaca. The group of toxins that are released by Pyrodinium bahamense are known as saxitoxins. Limnol. Maclean, J. L. (1989). Poot-Delgado, C. A. Vásquez-Bedoya, L. F., Radi, T., Ruiz-Fernández, A. C., de Vernal, A., Machain-Castillo, M. L., Kielt, J. F., et al. doi: 10.1016/j.hal.2014.09.010, Morquecho, L. (2008). | CrossRef full text | Google Scholar, Balech, E., and Cichra, M. A. Chávez-Almazán. Said researchers have only known about Pyrodinium bahamense 's toxicity in the Gulf of Mexico, 1998 ) of... Descripción de nuevas especies its fatty acids, but no published data on its sterol composition abundance! C. P. ( 2012 ) of Analysis of AOAC International, ed light by. 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